A noun (noun) defines things, people, animals, plants, objects, and abstract concepts

Nouns are divided into countable and uncountable.

A countable noun, is one that can be counted in units, e.g. 1 cat – 2 cats

An uncountable noun, is one that cannot be counted in units, e.g. water, flour, sugar, time, bread

A countable noun can have singular: 1 cat or plural: 2 cats

We form the plural of countable nouns by adding the ending -s to the noun

I – I

You – you

He is – he is

She – she

It – it

We – we

You – you

They – they

a) To describe features, properties, etc. e.g. I am tall.

b) To describe states, e.g. I am hungry.

I am – I am

You are – you are

He is – he is

She is – she is

It is – it is

We are – we are

You are – you are

They are – they are

The abbreviation of am is 'm

The abbreviation of is is 's

The abbreviation of are is 're

I am not – I am not

You are not – you are not

He is not – he is not

She is not – she is not

It is not – it is not

We are not – we are not

You are not – you are not

They are not – they are not

The abbreviation of is not is isn’t

The abbreviation of are not is aren’t

Am I …..? – Am I ….?

Are you ….. ? – Are you …?

Is he ….? – Is he …?

Is she …? – Is she …?

Is it …? – Is it …?

Are we …? – Are we …?

Are you …? – Are you …?

Are they …? – Are they …?

We create short answers as follows:

Yes, I/you/we/they have. Yes, he/she/it has.

No, I/you/we/they haven’t. No, he/she/it hasn’t.

We use the verb „to have” (mieć) to say that someone has something.

Example: I have a cat. – I have a cat.

The verb have can be added with the word got , it does not change the meaning of the sentence, it only serves to give rhythm to the sentence. E.g. I have got a cat. = I have a cat.

I have – I have

You have – you have

He has – he has

She has – she has

It has – it has

We have – we have

You have – you have

They have – they have

The abbreviation of have is 've

The abbreviation of has is 's

I have not – I do not have

You have not – you do not have

He has not – he does not have

She has not – she does not have

It has not – it does not have

We have not – we do not have

You have not – you do not have

They have not – they do not have

The abbreviation of have not is haven’t

The abbreviation of has not is hasn’t

Have I …… ? – Do I have ………….?

Have you …… ? – Do you have ………….?

Has he …… ? – Does he have ………….?

Has she …… ? – Does she have ………….?

Has it …… ? – Does it have ………….?

Have we …… ? – Do we have ………….?

Have you …… ? – Do you (plural) have ………….?

Have they …… ? – Do they have ………….?

To say that something belongs to someone, we use the possessive form. To the owner of the thing, we add ’s to indicate ownership

owner 's + owned thing

dog’s kennel = buda psa

Tomek’s car = samochód Tomka

children’s toys = zabawki dzieci

If the word is in plural and ends with s we add 's after the word e.g. dogs

There is / there are is used to specify where something is located, according to the pattern:

There is / There are + what + where

e.g. There is (what) a book (where) on the table. = There is a book on the table.

e.g. There are (what) books (where) in the bag. = There are books in the bag.

We form a question by rearranging there with be (is/are)

e.g. Is there a book on the table? = Is there a book on the table?

Are there any books in the bag? = Are there any books in the bag?

Short answers are formed in the following way:

Yes, there is. / Yes, there are. No, there isn’t. / No, there aren’t.

To determine the location of things, we use place pronouns.

on – on

under – under

in – in

next to – next to

behind – behind

in front of – in front of

opposite – opposite

between – between

This, that, those, these are used to indicate things

This and that we use in singular

These and those we use in plural

This and these we use when the thing/things are close

That and those we use when the thing/things are far

e.g. This car is mine. – This car is mine.

e.g. That car is mine. – That car is mine.

e.g. These cars are mine. – These cars are mine.

e.g. Those cars are mine. – Those cars are mine.

We use the verb can to specify what we can do , and to ask for permission.

e.g. I can swim. = I can swim.

She can play guitar. = She can play guitar.

They can drive a car. = They can drive a car.

We form negatives by adding the word „not” to the verb can.

She can’t play guitar. = She can’t play guitar.

They can’t drive a car. = They can’t drive a car.

We create questions by inversion, moving the verb can with the person.

Can you swim? = Can you swim?

Can they speak English? = Can they speak English?

Short answers

Yes, I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they can. No, I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they can’t.

e.g. Can you swim? No, I can’t.

e.g. Can we jump? Yes, we can.

a and an are used before a singular countable noun.

a we use before a noun starting with a consonant (in pronunciation)

an we use before a noun starting with a vowel (in pronunciation)

For repeated actions, e.g. I go to school every day.

For preferences, e.g. I like pizza.

For describing laws of nature, e.g. The earth goes round the sun.

For talking about actions resulting from timetables, class schedules, TV programs, etc., independent of us, e.g. The bus leaves at 10. = The bus leaves at 10.

A declarative sentence in Present Simple:

subject + verb (in base form) + the rest of the sentence

e.g. I go to school everyday.

Tomek and Kasia play chess every night.

e.g. He goes to school everyday.

e.g. Paweł plays football every Saturday.

A negative sentence in Present Simple:

person DON’T verb (in base form) + the rest of the sentence

e.g. I DON’T go to school everyday.

e.g. Tomek and Kasia DON’T play chess every night.

e.g. He DOESN’T go to school everyday.

e.g. Paweł DOESN’T play football every Saturday.

A „Whether” question in Present Simple:

DO + person + verb (in base form) + rest of the sentence

e.g. DO you go to school everyday?

e.g. DO we play chess every night?

e.g. DOES he go to school everyday?

e.g. DOES Zosia play football every Saturday?

A detailed question in Present Simple:

To a general question we add a question word

e.g. Where do you live? – Where do you live?

np. Why does she play chess every morning? – Why does she play chess every morning?

Adverbs of frequency (placed between the subject and the verb)

always – always

sometimes – sometimes

often – often

rarely – rarely

never – never

usually – usually

seldom – seldom

Time expressions (placed at the end of the sentence or at the beginning of the sentence)

every day – every day

every week – every week

every month – every month

every year – every year

„some” means some, a little

„some” is placed before countable nouns in plural and uncountable nouns

„some” is used in affirmative sentences

!EXCEPTION!

some can be used in polite questions

e.g. Would you like some milk? – Would you like some milk?

„any” means some, a little, none

We place „any” before countable nouns in plural and uncountable nouns

We use „any” in interrogative and negative sentences

e.g. We don’t have any time. – We don’t have any time.

me – me

you – you

him – him

her – her

it – it

us – us

you – you

them – them

For actions being performed at the moment we are talking about them e.g. I am going to school now.

For planned actions in the near future e.g. She is having dinner with her father next week.

subject + verb to be (am/are/is) + verb with the ending -ing

person + verb to be (am/are/is) + NOT + verb with the ending -ing

the short form of is not is isn’t

the short form of are not is aren’t

e.g. I am not watching TV now. = I am not watching TV now.

e.g. The cat is not (isn’t) eating its food. – The cat is not eating its food.

General question (type „Is it…?”)

Am/Are/Is + person + verb with the ending -ing

e.g. Is she going to the park now? – Is she going to the park now?

Detailed question (with a question word)

now – now

at the moment – at the moment

at present – currently

this week – this week

this month – this month

me – me

you – you, you

him – him, him

her – her

it – it

us – us

you – you

them – them

Adverbs of manner specify how something is done

We create them from adjectives by adding the ending -ly

e.g. bad (bad) – badly (badly)

If the adjective ends with y we add the ending -ily

e.g. heavy (heavy) – heavily (heavily)

If the adjective ends with ic we add the ending -ally

e.g. tragic (tragic) – tragically (tragically)

!EXCEPTIONS!

fast (fast) – fast (fast)

good (good) – well (well)

hard (hard, difficult) – hard (hard)

late (late) – late (late)

We use Past Simple to talk about completed actions

at a specific moment in the past

e.g. I washed my car yesterday. – I washed my car yesterday.

A positive sentence in Past Simple

subject 2nd form of the verb the rest of the sentence

e.g. She ate dinner yesterday at 7. – She ate dinner yesterday at 7.

List of irregular verbs

We form the second form of the verb

by adding the ending -ed to the verb

when the verb ends with -y preceded by a consonant, y , we change y to i, and add -ed

e.g. dry – dried

when the verb ends with a consonant preceded by a single vowel we double the last consonant and add ed.

e.g. stop – stopped

!WARNING!

We do not double letters -x, -w

A negative sentence in Past Simple

person + did not (didn’t) + base form of the verb (If) + the rest of the sentence

e.g. She didn’t eat dinner yesterday at 7. – She did not eat dinner yesterday at 7.

A question in Past Simple

Did + person + base form of the verb (If) + rest of the sentence

e.g. Did she eat dinner yesterday at 7? – Did she eat dinner yesterday at 7?

We create a detailed question by adding question word at the beginning of the general question.

e.g. Where did she eat dinner yesterday at 7? – Where did she eat dinner yesterday at 7?

Possessive adjectives (my, your, his, her etc.) are placed before a noun

Possessive pronouns (mine, yours, his, hers etc.) are used instead of a noun
after possessive pronoun there is no noun.

e.g. This is my book.
This book is mine
She ate her breakfast. It was hers.

The comparative degree of an adjective is used to compare two things, people, or groups. In the comparison, we use the word than – than, from

e.g. Peter is taller than Kasia. – Peter is taller than Kasia.

Boys are faster than girls. – Boys are faster than girls.

Dogs are more intelligent than frogs. – Dogs are more intelligent than frogs.

Bikes are less expensive than cars. – Bikes are less expensive than cars.

The superlative degree of an adjective is used to indicate the „most” element in a group. In the superlative degree, we use the word the or possessive adjective before the adjective

e.g. Peter is the tallest in class. – Peter is the tallest in class.

Tomek is my oldest friend. – Tomek is my oldest friend.

Dolphins are the most intelligent animals. – Dolphins are the most intelligent animals.

Bikes are the least expensive mean of transport. – Bikes are the least expensive means of transport.

We use Past Continuous for:

– talking about actions that were ongoing at a specific moment in the past

e.g. I was washing my car at 7 o’clock yesterday. – I was washing my car yesterday at 7:00.

– talking about several actions that were ongoing simultaneously in the past

e.g. I was washing my car and my brother was reading a book. – I was washing my car and my brother was reading a book.

– talking about a longer action that was interrupted by a shorter action (Past Simple) in the past

e.g. I was walking home and a car hit me. – I was walking home and a car hit me.

subject was/were verb with the ending -ing

I was washing my car at 7 o’clock yesterday. – I was washing my car yesterday at 7:00.

We were walking home and a car hit us. – We were walking home and a car hit us.

subject was/were not verb with the ending -ing

I was not washing my car at 7 o’clock yesterday. – I did not wash the car yesterday at 7:00.

We were not walking home at 6 in the morning. – We did not walk home at 6 in the morning.

Was/Were subject verb with the ending -ing ?

Was I washing my car at 7 o’clock yesterday? – Did I wash the car yesterday at 7:00?

Were we walking home and a car hit us? – Were we walking home and a car hit us?

We form the imperative mood by using the infinitive, e.g.:

Go! – Go!
Stay! – Stay!
Be quiet! – Be quiet!

Negation is formed by using Don’t before the infinitive, e.g.:

Don’t go! – Don’t go!
Don’t stay! – Don’t stay!
Don’t be quiet! – Don’t be quiet!

Must means have to

e.g. I must go. = I have to go.

Must has the same form for all persons!

NOTE
must not = mustn’t means MUST NOT

Questions with must are formed using inverted order, e.g. Must I go? – Do I have to go?

Should means should

e.g. I should go. = I should go.

Should has the same form for all persons!

We create negation by adding not to should, e.g. She shouldn’t smoke. = She shouldn’t smoke.

Questions with should are formed using inverted order, e.g. Should I go? – Should I go?

Have to means have to

e.g.
I have to go. = I have to go.
She has to go. = She has to go.
She had to go. = She had to go.
Kasia will have to go. = Kasia will have to go

Have to changes to Has to in 3rd person singular (that is he, she, it) in Present Simple.

Negation is formed by adding the operator appropriate to the tense and not, e.g.
She doesn’t have to learn. = She doesn’t have to learn.
He didn’t have to go yesterday. = He didn’t have to go yesterday.

Questions with „have to” are formed using the operator appropriate to the tense, placing it before the subject,
e.g.
Do I have to go? – Do I have to go?
Did you have to eat it? – Did you have to eat it?
Have you had to visit her? – Have you had to visit her?

We use the expression „be going to” to:

• talk about intentions
• predict the future based on evidence

e.g.

• Zosia is going to visit her friend next weekend.
• Zosia was going to visit her friend last weekend.
• It is going to rain.
• She is going to have a baby.