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A noun (noun) defines things, people, animals, plants, objects, and abstract concepts

Nouns are divided into countable and uncountable.

A countable noun, is one that can be counted individually, e.g., 1 cat – 2 cats

An uncountable noun, is one that cannot be counted individually, e.g., water, flour, sugar, time, bread

A countable noun can have a singular form: 1 cat or plural form: 2 cats

We form the plural of countable nouns by adding the ending -s to the noun

I – I

You – you

He is – he is

She – she

It – it

We – we

You – you (plural)

They – they

a) To describe features, characteristics, etc. e.g. I am tall.

b) To describe states, e.g. I am hungry.

I am – I am

You are – you are (singular)

He is – he is

She is – she is

It is – it is

We are – we are

You are – you are (plural)

They are – they are

The abbreviation for am is 'm

The abbreviation for is is 's

The abbreviation for are is 're

I am not – I am not

You are not – you are not (singular)

He is not – he is not

She is not – she is not

It is not – it is not

We are not – we are not

You are not – you are not (plural)

They are not – they are not

The abbreviation for is not is isn’t

The abbreviation for are not is aren’t

Am I …..? – Am I ….?

Are you ….. ? – Are you (singular) …?

Is he ….? – Is he …?

Is she …? – Is she …?

Is it …? – Is it …?

Are we …? – Are we …?

Are you …? – Are you (plural) …?

Are they …? – Are they …?

We form short answers as follows:

Yes, I/you/we/they have. Yes, he/she/it has.

No, I/you/we/they haven’t. No, he/she/it hasn’t.

We use the verb „to have” to say that someone has something.

Example: I have a cat. – I have a cat.

To the verb have, you can add the word got ; it does not change the meaning of the sentence, it only serves to give rhythm to the sentence. E.g. I have got a cat. = I have a cat.

I have – I have

You have – you have (singular)

He has – he has

She has – she has

It has – it has

We have – we have

You have – you have

They have – they have

The abbreviation of have is 've

The abbreviation of has is 's

I have not – I do not have

You have not – you do not have

He has not – he does not have

She has not – she does not have

It has not – it does not have

We have not – we do not have

You have not – you do not have

They have not – they do not have

The abbreviation of have not is haven’t

The abbreviation of has not is hasn’t

Have I …… ? – Do I have ………….?

Have you …… ? – Do you have ………….?

Has he …… ? – Does he have ………….?

Has she …… ? – Does she have ………….?

Has it …… ? – Does it have ………….?

Have we …… ? – Do we have ………….?

Have you …… ? – Do you have ………….?

Have they …… ? – Do they have ………….?

To say that something belongs to someone, we use the possessive form. We add ’s to the owner of the thing to indicate ownership

owner 's + possessed thing

dog’s kennel = dog’s kennel

Tomek’s car = Tomek’s car

children’s toys = children’s toys

If the word is plural and ends in s we add 's after the word, e.g. dogs’ kennel = dogs’ kennel

There is / there are is used to indicate where something is located, according to the pattern:

There is / There are + what + where

e.g. There is (what) a book (where) on the table. = There is a book on the table.

e.g. There are (what) books (where) in the bag. = There are books in the bag.

We form the question by swapping there with be (is/are)

e.g. Is there a book on the table? = Is there a book on the table?

Are there any books in the bag? = Are there books in the bag?

Short answers are formed as follows:

Yes, there is. / Yes, there are. No, there isn’t. / No, there aren’t.

To describe the location of things, we use prepositions of place.

on – on

under – under

in – in

next to – next to

behind – behind

in front of – in front of

opposite – opposite

between – between

This, that, those, these are used to point out things

This and that are used in the singular

These and those are used in the plural

This and these are used when the thing/things are close

That and those are used when the thing/things are far

e.g. This car is mine. – This car is mine.

e.g. That car is mine. – That car is mine.

e.g. These cars are mine. – These cars are mine.

e.g. Those cars are mine. – Those cars are mine.

We use the verb can to describe what we are able to do, and to ask for permission.

e.g. I can swim. = I can swim.

She can play guitar. = She can play guitar.

They can drive a car. = They can drive a car.

We form negatives by adding the word „not” to the verb can.

She can’t play guitar. = She can’t play guitar.

They can’t drive a car. = They cannot drive a car.

We form questions by inversion, by moving the verb can before the subject.

Can you swim? = Can you swim?

Can they speak English? = Can they speak English?

Short answers

Yes, I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they can. No, I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they can’t.

e.g. Can you swim? No, I can’t.

e.g. Can we jump? Yes, we can.

We use a and an before a countable noun in the singular.

We use a before a noun beginning with a consonant (in pronunciation)

We use an before a noun beginning with a vowel (in pronunciation)

For repeated actions, e.g. I go to school every day.

For preferences, e.g. I like pizza.

For describing laws of nature, e.g. The earth goes round the sun.

For talking about actions resulting from timetables, lesson plans, TV programs, etc., independent of us, e.g. The bus leaves at 10. = The bus leaves at 10.

Affirmative sentence in Present Simple:

subject + verb (in base form) + rest of the sentence

e.g. I go to school everyday.

Tomek and Kasia play chess every night.

e.g. He goes to school everyday.

e.g. Paweł plays football every Saturday.

Negative sentence in Present Simple:

subject DON’T verb (in base form) + rest of the sentence

e.g. I DON’T go to school everyday.

e.g. Tomek and Kasia DON’T play chess every night.

e.g. He DOESN’T go to school everyday.

e.g. Paweł DOESN’T play football every Saturday.

„Yes/No” question in Present Simple:

DO + person + verb (in basic form) + rest of the sentence

e.g. DO you go to school everyday?

e.g. DO we play chess every night?

e.g. DOES he go to school everyday?

e.g. DOES Zosia play football every Saturday?

Detailed question in Present Simple:

We add a question word to the general question

e.g. Where do you live? – Where do you live?

e.g. Why does she play chess every morning? – Why does she play chess every morning?

Adverbs of frequency (placed between the person and the verb)

always – always

sometimes – sometimes

often – often

rarely – rarely

never – never

usually – usually, generally

seldom – seldom

Time markers (placed at the end of the sentence or at the beginning of the sentence)

every day – daily

every week – weekly

every month – monthly

every year – yearly

„some” means some, a little

We use „some” before countable nouns in plural and uncountable nouns

We use „some” in affirmative sentences

!EXCEPTION!

We can use some in polite questions

e.g. Would you like some milk? – Would you like some milk?

„any” means some, a little, none

We use „any” before countable nouns in plural and uncountable nouns

We use „any” in interrogative and negative sentences

e.g. We don’t have any time. – We don’t have any time.

me – me, to me

you – you, to you

him – him, to him

her – her

it – it

us – us

you – you (plural)

them – them

For actions happening at the moment we are speaking about them e.g. I am going to school now.

For actions planned in the near future e.g. She is having dinner with her father next week.

subject + verb to be (am/are/is) + verb with the ending -ing

subject + verb to be (am/are/is) + NOT + verb with the ending -ing

The abbreviation for is not is isn’t

The abbreviation for are not is aren’t

e.g. I am not watching TV now. = I am not watching TV now.

e.g. The cat is not (isn’t) eating its food. – The cat is not eating its food.

General question (of the „Czy” type?)

Am/Are/Is + subject + verb with the ending -ing

e.g. Is she going to the park now? – Is she going to the park now?

Specific question (with an interrogative word)

now – now

at the moment – at this moment

at present – currently

this week – this week

this month – this month

me – me, to me

you – to you, you

him – him, to him

her – her

it – to it

us – us

you – you (plural)

them – them

Adverbs of manner describe how something is done

We form them from adjectives by adding the ending -ly

e.g. bad (bad) – badly (badly)

If the adjective ends in y we add the ending -ily

e.g. heavy (heavy) – heavily (heavily)

If the adjective ends in ic we add the ending -ally

e.g. tragic (tragic) – tragically (tragically)

!EXCEPTIONS!

fast (fast) – fast (fast)

good (good) – well (well)

hard (difficult, hard) – hard (with difficulty, hard)

late (late) – late (late)

We use Past Simple to talk about completed actions

at a specific moment in the past

e.g. I washed my car yesterday. – I washed my car yesterday.

Affirmative sentence in Past Simple

subject 2nd form of the verb rest of the sentence

e.g. She ate dinner yesterday at 7. – She ate dinner yesterday at 7.

List of irregular verbs

We form the second form of the verb

by adding the ending -ed to the verb

when the verb ends in -y preceded by a consonant, y , we change y to i, and add -ed

e.g. dry – dried

when the verb ends in a consonant preceded by a single vowel we double the last consonant and add ed.

e.g. stop – stopped

!ATTENTION!

We do not double the letters -x, -w

Negative sentence in Past Simple

person + did not (didn’t) + base form of the verb (If) + rest of the sentence

e.g. She didn’t eat dinner yesterday at 7. – She didn’t eat dinner yesterday at 7.

Question in Past Simple

Did + person + base form of the verb (If) + rest of the sentence

e.g. Did she eat dinner yesterday at 7? – Did she eat dinner yesterday at 7?

We form a specific question by adding a question word at the beginning of a general question.

e.g. Where did she eat dinner yesterday at 7? – Where did she eat dinner yesterday at 7?

Possessive adjectives (my, your, his, her etc.) are placed before the noun

Possessive pronouns (mine, yours, his, hers etc.) are used instead of the noun
after a possessive pronoun there is no noun.

e.g. This is my book.
This book is mine
She ate her breakfast. It was hers.

We use the comparative degree of an adjective to compare two things, people, or groups. In comparison, we use the word than

e.g. Peter is taller than Kasia. – Peter is taller than Kasia.

Boys are faster than girls. – Boys are faster than girls.

Dogs are more intelligent than frogs. – Dogs are more intelligent than frogs.

Bikes are less expensive than cars. – Bikes are less expensive than cars.

We use the superlative degree of an adjective to indicate the „most” element in a group. In the superlative degree, we use the word the or a possessive adjective before the adjective

e.g. Peter is the tallest in class. – Peter is the tallest in class.

Tomek is my oldest friend. – Tomek is my oldest friend.

Dolphins are the most intelligent animals. – Dolphins are the most intelligent animals.

Bikes are the least expensive mean of transport. – Bikes are the least expensive mean of transport.

We use Past Continuous for:

– talking about actions that were ongoing at a specific moment in the past

e.g. I was washing my car at 7 o’clock yesterday. – I was washing my car yesterday at 7:00.

– talking about several actions that were ongoing simultaneously in the past

e.g. I was washing my car and my brother was reading a book. – I was washing my car and my brother was reading a book.

– talking about a longer action that was interrupted by a shorter action (Past Simple) in the past

e.g. I was walking home and a car hit me. – I was walking home and a car hit me.

subject was/were verb with the ending -ing

I was washing my car at 7 o’clock yesterday. – I was washing my car yesterday at 7:00.

We were walking home and a car hit us. – We were walking home and a car hit us.

subject was/were not verb with the ending -ing

I was not washing my car at 7 o’clock yesterday. – I was not washing my car yesterday at 7:00.

We were not walking home at 6 in the morning. – We were not walking home at 6 in the morning.

Was/Were subject verb with the ending -ing ?

Was I washing my car at 7 o’clock yesterday? – Was I washing my car yesterday at 7:00?

Were we walking home and a car hit us? – Were we walking home and a car hit us?

We form the imperative mood by using the infinitive, e.g.:

Go! – Go!
Stay! – Stay!
Be quiet! – Be quiet!

We form the negation by using Don’t before the infinitive, e.g.:

Don’t go! – Don’t go!
Don’t stay! – Don’t stay!
Don’t be quiet! – Don’t be quiet!

Must means to have to

e.g. I must go. = I must go.

Must has the same form for all persons!

ATTENTION
must not = mustn’t means MUST NOT

We form questions with must by using inversion, e.g. Must I go? – Must I go?

Should means should

e.g. I should go. = I should go.

Should has the same form for all persons!

We form the negation by adding not to should, e.g. She shouldn’t smoke. = She shouldn’t smoke.

We form questions with should by using inversion, e.g. Should I go? – Should I go?

Have to means to have to

e.g.
I have to go. = I have to go.
She has to go. = She has to go.
She had to go. = She had to go.
Kasia will have to go. = Kasia will have to go

Have to changes to Has to in the 3rd person singular (i.e. he, she, it) in the Present Simple tense.

We form the negative by adding the appropriate operator for the tense and not, e.g.
She doesn’t have to learn. = She doesn’t have to learn.
He didn’t have to go yesterday. = He didn’t have to go yesterday.

Questions with „have to” are formed using the appropriate operator for the tense, placing it before the person,
e.g.
Do I have to go? – Do I have to go?
Did you have to eat it? – Did you have to eat it?
Have you had to visit her? – Have you had to visit her?

We use the expression „be going to” to:

• talk about intentions
• predict the future based on evidence

e.g.

• Zosia is going to visit her friend next weekend.
• Zosia was going to visit her friend last weekend.
• It is going to rain.
• She is going to have a baby.